World
History Reading Pg. 100-104
Minoan
Civilization
-lived on Crete; had contact with Egyptians and Mesopotamians
-Palace of Knossos- rooms for royal family, banquet
rooms, artisan areas, shrines, frescoes decorated walls
-woman had rights
-civilization disappeared
Mycenaeans-
first Greek-speaking people
-sea traders
-learned writing from Minoans
-city-states governed by warrior king
-Trojan War occurred because of economic rivalry
between Mycenaeans and Trojans and desire to control Bosphorous and Darnelles
Straits (which connected Mediterranean and Black Seas)
-Trojan War proved by Schliemann
-fells to sea raiders; Dorians invaded, and writing of
Mycenaeans lost
-Odyssey and Iliad during this time
-Babylonians
led by Nebuchadnezzar first to conquer Middle East
The
Rise of the Greek City-States Pg. 105-114
Geography
of Greece
-on Balkan Peninsula with mountains that make isolated valleys
-many rocky islands
-city-states built; cut off by mountains and water (loyalty
to city-states and rivalries=>war)
Government
-polis- two levels
1. acropolis- on hill, high city with temples
2. flatter ground; main city
-most city-states began as monarchy => aristocracy => oligarchy
-changes in warfare:
-iron => bronze; cheaper, stronger
-phalanx- formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
Sparta
-Spartans were Dorians who conquered Laconia on Peloponnesus
-conquered people were made into state-owned slaves called helots
-government: 2 kings, council of elders, assembly that
approved all major decisions
-citizens were all male, native-born Spartans over 30
-isolated; looked down on trade and wealth
-war-oriented
Athens
-in Attica, north of Peloponnesus
-monarchy => aristocracy dominated by nobles
-merchants, soldiers resented nobles' power
-foreign artisams resented not being able to be citizens
-farmers forced to sell land/selves to nobles to pay debts
-Solon's Reforms- outlawed debt slavery, freed slaves,
opened high offices to more citizens, gave citizenship to some foreigners, gave
Assembly more say, encouraged wine/olive oil export
-rise of tyrants who won support of merchant class & poor
-Pistratus- tyrant who gave farmers loans and lands
taken from nobles; gave poor greater voice
-Cleisthenes- tyrant, set up Council of 500 which
supervised day-to-day work of government; made assembly genuine legislature,
included all male citizens over 30
-limited rights (slaves no rights, women isolated in home)
-felt superior or barbaroi (non-Greeks)
Victory
and Defeat in the Greek World- The Persian War
-Darius I- wanted "earth and water" as gift
for Greek insults; Athens and Sparta defied
-Athens wealthiest city-state, helped Ionian city-states
against Persians; Darius I sent forces across Aegean to punish Athenians but was
defeated at Marathon
-Darius I died; Xerxes sent force to conquer Greece;
defeated Spartans at Thermopylae
-Xerxes fleet defeated by ships in Strait of Salamis
-Athens emerged from war as most powerful city-state; created
Delian League and moved treasury from Delos to Athens, where they used
money to rebuild
-Age of Pericles-
-direct democracy- assembly met several times per month
-paid stipend; jury had hundreds/thousands of jurors
-could banish people (ostracism)
-Pericles' funeral Oration considered one of earliest and
greatest expressions of democratic ideals
-with educated foreign-born Aspasia, Pericles turned
Athens into culture center
Peloponnesian
War
-Athenian domination resent
-Spartans created Peloponnesian League (supported
oligarchy) to oppose Delian League (democracy)
-Athens geographically disadvantaged; Sparta was inland ad
could not be attack by powerful Athenian navy whereas Spartans could march north
and attack Athens
-plague struck Athens and killed Pericles; Sparta (allied
with Persia) captured Athens- ended Athenian domination
-Athenian economy revived and remained culture center
Humanities
Book Pg 33-37
-Bronze Age => Iron Age (1000 BCE)
Early | Heroic | -Iliad, -Geometric -first |
Age | -colonies -ideas -black | |
Archaic | -Solon's -red-figure -Kritios | |
PERISAN | ||
Classical | -defeat -Herodutus' | |
Peloponnesian War | ||
-rise | ||
DEATH | ||
Hellenistic | -grander, | |
CONQUEST | ||
Religion
-polytheistic
-religion used to illuminate lives, not give divine guidance
-no supreme good, supreme evil
-gods glorified city-states (ie. Athens, Athena)
Humanities
Book Pg. 40-46
The
Beginnings of Greek Sculpture
-influenced by
Egyptian models and look like Egyptian cult statues
-stone figures consist of few subjects over and over
-kore- standing female, always clothed
-kouros- standing male, nude (Egyptian statues had loincloths)
-stance based on Egyptian models; foot (usually left)
forward, arms at sides, hands clenched, elaborate wig-like hair
-sculptures continued with increasing realism
-continued to show careful study of human anatomy- sometimes
figures not shown in traditional stance (ie. Calf-Bearer)
-large-scale statues decorate temples and stone slabs; relief
carving used
1. high relief- project from 3-D background; looks 3-D
2. low-relief- carving preserves flat surface of stone
-Archaic smile- facial expression of many Archaic
sculptures but emotion expressed is ambiguous
-began to fade around 600 BCE (perhaps because of threat of
Persian wars?)
-replced by somber expression
-Kritios Boy- marks turning point between Archaic and
Classical periods
-figure not looking/walking straight, head/upper body
slightly turned, one leg moved, hips tilted
-began to show figures in motion
-2 styles of vase-painting-
1. black-figure- draftsmanship and power of expression great
-Exekias- greatest of black-figure painters
2. red-figure- figures in red color of clay; increased levels of
subtlety; new techniques of foreshortening/perspective developed
Humanities
Book- Pg 46-51
-re-creation of authentic Greek music not possible
-music divine for Greeks
-Apollo/Hermes invented lyre, Athena => flute, Orpheus could move
trees and rocks with song
-Plato and Aristotle discussed doctrine of ethos in their writings
-understanding of doctrines of musical theory considered fundamental to
good education
-according to doctrine of ethos, characteristics of each mode
of music so powerful, it gave music ability to affect human behavior in specific
way
Dorian/Lydian | Phrygian |
-firm, | -passionate, |
-legendary founder of Greek music- Olympus, was
believed to be from Asia Minor
-Terpander- from Lesbos, played cithara to accompany
vocal music on ceremonial occasions; first known musical figure
-instruments
-cithara- 7-stringed, like a large lyre, player had to
stand while playing and had straps to support it, large sounding box made of
wood/metal/ivory
-lyre- small, easy to hold, had sounding box made of a
whole tortoise shell and sides of goat horns or carved wood
-aulos- double-reed instruments like oboe
-early Greek music primarily vocal, breakthrough to instrumental music
during Archaic period
-Sacadas of Argos composed work for aulos for Pythian
Games at Delphi which described Apollo's fight with the dragon that Pythian
Games commemorated (compare to Richard Strauss's Till Eulenspiegel)
-lyrics of some songs have survived, including choral odes to various
gods
-paean- solemn invocation to gods (such as Apollo or Artemis)
-dithyramb- choral hymn to Dionysus sung at public ceremonies
-dance also important but only visual evidence (ie. On vases) is left;
telling story was important in dance
-geranos- "crane"
Early
Greek Literature and Philosophy
-Hesoid- author of Theogony and
Works and Days about disadvantages of a poor, oppressed farmer in
Boeotia
-emergence of lyric poetry after Classical period
-Homer's poems was for aristocratic society, which had time
for deeds of great men and leaders; lyrics poetry expressed poet's emotions,
feelings, opinions
-Sappho- first woman to leave literary record of personal
experiences
-born on island of Lesbos; was wife, mother, poet, teacher
-widely respected, surrounded by women who came to Lesbos to finish
education
-affection for pupils constantly reflected in her poems
The
First Philosophers: The PreSocratics
-rejected religious ideas of Homer and Hesoid; scoffed at gods who took
human form
-philosophy- "love of wisdom"
-used power of human reason discover how world came to be/how it works,
what place humans have
-presocratics all before Socrates and Plato, but otherwise had very
little in common
-materialists- wanted to explain all phenomenon in one
or more elements (ie. Empedo of Acragas introduced four elements that combined
through love and separated through strife and war)
-Pythagoreanism- greatest influence on later times; settled in
southern Italy
-disciples led pure, devout lives but it did not win him favor among
those he settled
-uphold morals and chastity, order, harmony for common good
-murdered
-claimed that mathematical relationships represented
underlying principle of universe and morality (called it Harmony of the
Spheres)
-Dualists- claimed existence of two separate universes- one around us, and another
ideal, perfect, unchanging world that could only be realized through intellect
-Atomists- greatest, last school of Presocratics
-led by Leucippus and Democritus; believed that reality
consisted of atoms and the void
-led to Dalton's atomic theory
-Herodotus- wrote History of
the Persian Wars
'Father of History'
-wrote of Phampsintus and the thief- first detective story
Humanities
Book- Pg. 57-59
-victory in
Persian Wars => optimism, self-confidence
-Athens
center of culture; called the Golden Age of Greece
-greatest
contribution was philosophy (Plate and Aristotle) who laid foundation for
thought
The
Classical Ideals
-most Greek conquerors (Macedonians, Romans) spread ideas and
created peace for thought- but Greeks of Golden Age in tension and violence
-central principle of Classical ideal- existence can
be ordered and controlled, human ability can triumph, create, create balanced
society; everything in life should be balanced
-humans must stay in reasonable limits and not exhibit hubris
confidence in human reason and self-knowledge manifested itself in democracy
-Parthenon- meant to honor Athena and glorify human achievement
-Athens- democratic government effective and stable
a) all Athenian citizens required to serve in General Assembly (ecclesia)
with directing council (baile)
or
b) to hold individual magistracies
or
c) serve on juries
-Athens moved Delian League treasury to Athens and used money
to pay for building projects which caused Peloponnesian War
-Thucydides- wrote History
of the Peloponnesian War but died before finishing
-Pericles-
Golden Age
-unofficially assumed leadership of Athenian democracy
-constructed Acropolis
-died and could not lead during Peloponnesian war
Humanities
Book Pg. 67-69, 74-76
Sculpture
and Vase Painting in Classical Greece 5th century BCE
-balance and order- realistic idealism
-new interest in realism and motion
-calm facial expression, physical tension
-Myron- most famous sculptor of Athens (Discus
Thrower/Discobolos)
-Polykleitos of Argos
-developed formula for perfect male body; idea of proportion
-Doryphoros- model sculpture
-wrote The Canon
-characteristics of Classical vision because dependence on
ordered and balanced interrelationships of various parts of body- and ideal of
beauty by intellect, not nature
--effects of Peloponnesian War
-sculpture/vase painting more characterized by individual
than general ideal (ie. Emotional responses of ordinary people to life, death,
etc. rather than responses portrayed through myth)
-death and mourning popular subjects on oil flasks used for
funerary offerings on white backgrounds
Visual
Arts 4th Century BCE
-affected
by defeat of Athens in Peloponnesian War
-growing
interest in realism/emotion rather than idealism and heroic-ness of High
Classical art
-frescos of
period lost (except at the Royal Cemetary of Vergina)
-Roman
copies of statues allow estimation of main developments
-sculptors:
-Praxiteles- characterized by gentle melancholy
-Hermes with Infant Dionysus
-Aphrodite nude- discovery of female beauty, one of first
attempts to introduce sensuality to female form
-Scopas- characterized by drama, emotion, intensity
-Lysippus- characterized by new, more attenuated
proportion, concern for greater realism, large scale which affected Hellenistic
art
-official portraitist of Alexander the Great
-cities
laid out
-tholos invented- "circular building'
-Macedonians
spread Greek ideas
Humanities
Book Pg. 46, 68-74
Doric
and Ionic Orders
-Egyptian
models played important part
-1st architect known- Imhotep
Doric- Temple
of Hera at Olympia
-simpler, grander
-no base, twenty flutes
-simple dignity, absence of decoration, emphasizes weight and massiveness
Ionic- more
graceful and elaborate
-tiered base, 24 flutes
-conveyed lightness, delicacy with ornate decorations and fanciful
carving
Architecture
5th Century BCE
-proportion,
interrelationship of parts
-art of
second half of 5th century more concerned with human achievement
(rather than divine will)
-Acropolis
at Athens- greatest
visual of Classical ideas
-intended to perpetuate memory of Athens' achievements in
Persian War- but Peloponnesian wars
occurred and destroyed Athenian glory
-built above rest of the city- work began under Phidas, greatest
sculptor of his day
-Parthenon- Doric columns, Ionic features like frieze on
colonnade which adds refinement; graceful, rich
-columns thickest 1/3 from base and taper at top (entasis);
slightly tilted; columns at corners thicker than others; floor convex
-many depictions of Lapiths' battle with the Cantaurs
-Erechtheum- ionic temple; on uneven ground so several entrances
of different levels
-commemorated lots of elaborate religious events and honored different
deities
-housed wooden Athena, center of Great Panathenaic Festival
-South Porch-
-caryatids- young women statues holding up roof, most
complete attempt to conceal structural functions
-lacks coherent overall plan
Humanities
Reading Pg 64-67
Philosophy
in the Late Classical Period
-Socrates
executed for impiety and leading youth to question authority
-represented concern with fate of individual, questioning of traditional
values
-wrote nothing
-"midwife of ideas"
-did not take money for teaching, never founded a school; questioned
people in public/private places
-gained enthusiastic (mostly young ) followers and enemies
-put on trial and executed
-Plato-
-wrote Apology, Crito, and Phaedo
which describe Socrates' last days
-founded the Academy- first permanent institution in
Western Civilization devoted to education and research, forerunner of all
universities
-concentrated on mathematics, law, political theory
-purpose: produce experts for service to state
-went to Sicily twice to turn Syracuse into model kingdom and
Dionysus II into philosopher king- failed both times
-Theory of Forms
said that in higher dimension, there were perfect forms
-called for careful breeding of children, censorship, abolition of
private property
-Aristotle-
founded Lyceum school
-disputed with Plate concerning Theory of Forms
-claimed that forms actually present in objects perceived
-God- "thought thinking of itself", the "unmoved
mover"
-Poetics- defines tragedy
-catharsis- cleansing of soul
-taught young Alexander the Great
Drama
and Greek Philosophy Pg 59-64
Drama
Festivals of Dionysus
-much great drama written after Persian Wars
-dramas performed in Athens at Festivals of Dionysus
-theaters sacred
-authors submitted four plays- thee tragedies (trilogy) and a satyr play
(lighthearted)
-satyr- mythological man with animal's ears and tail
-dramas religious in time and nature
-plots generally mythological; performances lofty and dignified
-actors wore masks and raised shoes
-chorus (whose sacred dithyrambic hymn had been starting point in
development of tragedy) either:
a) forms group centrally involved in action
b) represents point of view of spectator
-reduces to more human terms the emotion of the principals and comments
on them
c) punctuates action and divides into separate episodes by singing lyric
odes
Athenian
Tragic Dramatists
1.
Aeschylus—
a.
Shows deep
awareness of human weakness and dangers of power (he fought at Marathon)
b.
Believed that
right will triumph
i.
In plays, process of recognizing what is right is painful, often violent
and bloody
c.
wrote Oresteia
Trilogy which portrays transition from vendetta to civilized humans
i.
Agamemnon
1.
–King sacrifices
Iphigenia, his daughter, on way to Troy
2.
public vs.
personal responsibilities
3.
killed by
Clytemnestra and Aegisthus (wife and lover)
ii.
The
Libation Bearers
1.
Orestes,
Agamemnon's son, kills mother and is driven mad by Furies
iii.
The Eumides
("the Kindly Ones")
1.
violence brought to end by reason and persuasion (Apollo and Athena)
2.
Sophocles
a.
Most prosperous
and successful of tragic poets
b.
123 plays (7
surviving)
c.
combines awareness
of tragic consequences of individual mistakes with belief in collective ability
and dignity of human race
d.
Antigone
e.
Emphasized how
much is outside of our control, in hand of destiny or gods
f.
Insisted that we
respect and revere forces we cannot see or understand (religious)
g.
Oedipus
the King
i.
Impacted Aristotle's book Poetics
ii.
Plots says that we cannot avoid destiny, but does not answer whether we
deserve that destiny
iii.
Aristotle said that downfall of tragic figure is result of flaw (hamartia)
in character
iv.
Describes helplessness of humanity and warns against too great a belief
in self-reliance
3.
Euripides
a.
Most popularly
read after his death; works most preserved (19 surviving)
b.
Concern for
realism; determination to expose social, political, and religious injustices
c.
Did not believe in
gods and goddesses worthy of respect and worship
d.
Plays show new
concern for psychological truth
e.
New sympathy and
understanding for problems of women
f.
Hated war
i.
Suppliant
Women
1.
mothers of seven
chiefs killed at war beg ruler of Athens to recover them for burial
2.
acknowledges that
power of emotion overwhelms order and balance
Aristophanes
and Greek Comedy
-futility
of war
-The
Birds
-Lysistrata
World
History Reading Pg 120-123
Philip
of Macedon
-formed alliances with many Greek city-states through threats, bribery,
diplomacy
defeated Athens and Thebes at Battle of Chaeronea when
they rebelled
wanted to conquer Persian empire but was assassinated at
daughter's wedding
-Olympias (his wife) put Alexander on throne
Alexander
the Great
-spread Greek culture; Hellenistic civilization blended
Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian Cultures
-Alexandria, Egypt became heart of Hellenistic world
-Pharos located at Alexandria
-Museum, library
-women free
-cross Darnelles Strait (separating Europe and Asia
Minor) to conquer Persian empire, which stretched from Egypt to India
-first victory against Persians at Granicus River
-took Babylon but could not catch Darius III
-crossed Hindu Kush into India but turned back because soldiers were
tired and refused to go further east
-died of sudden fever; left empire "To the
Strongest"
-three of his top generals divided up empire
Hellenistic
Age
-Alexandria heart
-style grander, larger
-rulers glorified
-Stoicism- founded by Zeno
-people should avoid desires and disappointments and accept whatever life
brought
-high moral standards
-all people morally (though not socially) equal
-Pythagoras, Euclid- mathematicians
-Aristarchus- presented idea of heliocentric solar system
-Eratosthenes- calculated circumference of earth
-Archimedes- mastered lever and pulley
-Hippocrates- physician
Class
Notes
-Greeks
believed in power and potential of human beings
-invented
democracy because they believed in humans; you can be in charge of your own life
-role of
god:
1. explain natural phenomenon
2. explain psychological behaviors
-no perfect good, no perfect evil, no heaven, no Hell-
everyone (good, bad and ugly) died and went to underworld
-Athens
link between Europe and Asia
Greeks
appeared around 2000BCE
-spoke same language, first communities rural, mythology develops, Trojan
War
-main
export of Athens- pottery
-Plato- two
realities, get information from contemplations, wrote mainly about organization
of society
-Aristotle-
one reality, find things our from experience (empiricism), wrote about a
LOT
-put forth idea of catharsis- emotional outpouring/breakdown
-Allegory
of the Caves
-literally:
-guy is chained in a cave facing a wall and cannot look back
or side to side; imagine of shadows projected onto wall he is facing, and he
believes they are real; he gets free and goes up to real world (his eyes hurt
adjusting to light), then returns to cave to tell others about his discovery
(cannot see when eyes adjusting to dark); others laugh at him and threaten him
for is absurd 'ideas'
-figuratively:
-roles of philosophy in society and perception of things around us
-IF YOU DON'T GET THIS, GO TO TUTORIALS 'CUZ I'M TOO LAZY TO SUMMARIZE
Alexander
the Great
-Hellenistic
Era- blending of Greek, Asian, Egyptian traditions
Classical | Hellenistic |
-language | -simplified |
-Athens | -Alexandria |
-idealized | -more |
-city-states | -empires |
-Greek | -local |
-Sophists- | -rational |
Middle kore; left
and right are kouros (no known
sculptor)
Calf-Bearer (no
known sculptor)
Kritios Boy (no
known sculptor)- sculpture marks turning
point between Archaic and Classical sculpture
Discobolos (Discus
Thrower)- Myron
Doryphoros
(Spear-bearer)- Polykleitos (to represent a person of perfect proportions
and other ideas expessed in The Cannon)
Hermes with Infant Dionysus-
Praxiteles
Apoxyomenos (The
Scraper)- Lysippus
Laocoon Group-
Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes
Parthenon
Porch of the
Caryatids
No comments:
Post a Comment